The plain journal bearing (shell bearing liners) consist of a low carbon-steel cylindrical backup strip on to which the principal bearing material is cast or roll-bonded. This combination is known as bi-metal bearing. It is essential to thinly overlay a soft anti-friction al... 

Normally forged in Alloy Steel to appropriate strength for various applications. Spheroid Graphite Iron is also being used for smaller Cranks. The crankshafts are Normalized and Induction Hardened.

Valves are nitrided to increase the exhaustion strength, Chrome plated to increase the wear resistance and Stellited (Seat hard Faced) to get high hot hardness at the seat.